Previous  Up  Next

Module BatLazyList


module BatLazyList: sig .. end
Lazy lists of elements.

Lazy lists are similar to lists, with the exception that their contents are only computed whenever requested. This makes them particularly useful in contexts where streams of data are to be handled.

Note For this documentation, we will assume the existence of a lazy list syntax extension such that [^ ^] is the empty lazy list and [^ a;b;c ^] is the lazy list containing elements a, b, c.

Note Enumerations (as featured in module BatEnum) and lazy lists (as featured in this module) are quite similar in purpose. Lazy lists are slightly higher level, insofar as no cloning is required to get them to work, which makes them slightly more useful in contexts where backtracking is common. Enumerations, on the other hand, are closer to traditional stream processing, and require more low-level marking whenever backtracking is required, but may be faster and more memory-efficient when used properly. Either choice is recommended over OCaml's built-in Stream.
Author(s): David Teller


Exceptions

exception Empty_list
Empty_list is raised when an operation applied on an empty list is invalid. For instance, hd nil will raise Empty_list.
exception Invalid_index of int
Invalid_index is raised when an indexed access on a list is out of list bounds.
exception Different_list_size of string
Different_list_size is raised when applying functions such as iter2 on two lists having different size.
exception No_more_elements
See BatLazyList.from and BatLazyList.from_loop for more information on this exception.

Type

Note The types are kept concrete so as to allow pattern-matching. However, it is generally easier to manipulate BatLazyList.nil and BatLazyList.cons.

type 'a t = 'a node_t Lazy.t
The type of a lazy list.

type 'a node_t =
| Nil
| Cons of 'a * 'a t (*The type of an item in the list.*) 
include BatEnum.Enumerable
include BatInterfaces.Mappable

Access 

val nil : 'a t
The empty list.
val cons : 'a -> 'a t -> 'a t
Build a list from a head and a tail.
val (^:^) : 'a -> 'a t -> 'a t
As cons: x^:^l is the lazy list with head x and tail l
val peek : 'a t -> 'a option
peek l returns the first element of l, if it exists.
val get : 'a t -> ('a * 'a t) option
get l returns the head and tail of l, if l is not empty.

List creation

val from : (unit -> 'a) -> 'a t
from next creates a (possibly infinite) lazy list from the successive results of next. The function may raise LazyList.No_more_elements to denote the end of the list.
val from_while : (unit -> 'a option) -> 'a t
from next creates a (possibly infinite) lazy list from the successive results of next. The list ends whenever next returns None.
val from_loop : 'a -> ('a -> 'b * 'a) -> 'b t
from_loop data next creates a (possibly infinite) lazy list from the successive results of applying next to data, then to the result, etc. The list ends whenever the function raises LazyList.No_more_elements
val seq : 'a -> ('a -> 'a) -> ('a -> bool) -> 'a t
seq init step cond creates a sequence of data, which starts from init, extends by step, until the condition cond fails. E.g. seq 1 ((+) 1) ((>) 100) returns ^[1, 2, ... 99]^. If cond init is false, the result is empty.
val unfold : 'a -> ('a -> ('b * 'a) option) -> 'b t
unfold data next creates a (possibly infinite) lazy list from the successive results of applying next to data, then to the result, etc. The list ends whenever the function returns None
val init : int -> (int -> 'a) -> 'a t
Similar to Array.init, init n f returns the lazy list containing the results of (f 0),(f 1).... (f (n-1)). Raise Invalid_arg "LazyList.init" if n < 0.
val make : int -> 'a -> 'a t
Similar to String.make, make n x returns a list containing n elements x.
val range : int -> int -> int t
Compute lazily a range of integers a .. b as a lazy list.

The range is empty if a <= b.


Higher-order functions

val iter : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a t -> unit
Eager iteration

iter f [^ a1; ...; an ^] applies function f in turn to a1; ...; an. It is equivalent to begin f a1; f a2; ...; f an; () end. In particular, it causes all the elements of the list to be evaluated.

val iteri : (int -> 'a -> 'b) -> 'a t -> unit
Eager iteration, with indices

iteri f [^ a1; ...; an ^] applies function f in turn to a1 0; ...; an (n - 1). It is equivalent to begin f a1 0; f a2 0; ...; f an (n-1); () end. In particular, it causes all the elements of the list to be evaluated.

val map : ('a -> 'b) -> 'a t -> 'b t
Lazy map

map f [^ a1; ...; an ^] applies function f to a1, ..., an, and builds the list ^ f a1; ...; f an ^ with the results returned by f. Not tail-recursive. Evaluations of f take place only when the contents of the list are forced.

val mapi : (int -> 'a -> 'b) -> 'a t -> 'b t
Lazy map, with indices

map f [^ a1; ...; an ^] applies function f to a1, ..., an, and builds the list ^ f 0 a1; ...; f ( n - 1) an ^ with the results returned by f. Not tail-recursive. Evaluations of f take place only when the contents of the list are forced.

val fold_left : ('a -> 'b -> 'a) -> 'a -> 'b t -> 'a
Eager fold_left

LazyList.fold_left f a [^ b1; ...; bn ^] is f (... (f (f a b1) b2) ...) bn. This causes evaluation of all the elements of the list.

val fold_right : ('a -> 'b -> 'b) -> 'b -> 'a t -> 'b
Eager fold_right

fold_right f a [^ b1; ...; bn ^] is f ( f (... (f (f a bn) ...) b2) b1. This causes evaluation of all the elements of the list. Not tail-recursive.


Finding

val mem : 'a -> 'a t -> bool
mem x l determines if x is part of l. Evaluates all the elements of l which appear before x.
val memq : 'a -> 'a t -> bool
As mem, but with physical equality
val find : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a
find p l returns the first element of l such as p x returns true or raises Not_found if such an element has not been found.
val rfind : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a
rfind p l returns the last element x of l such as p x returns true or raises Not_found if such element as not been found.
val find_exn : ('a -> bool) -> exn -> 'a t -> 'a
find_exn p e l returns the first element of l such as p x returns true or raises e if such an element has not been found.
val rfind_exn : ('a -> bool) -> exn -> 'a t -> 'a
find_exn p e l returns the last element of l such as p x returns true or raises e if such an element has not been found.
val findi : (int -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a t -> int * 'a
findi p e l returns the first element ai of l along with its index i such that p i ai is true, or raises Not_found if no such element has been found.
val rfindi : (int -> 'a -> bool) -> 'a t -> int * 'a
findi p e l returns the last element ai of l along with its index i such that p i ai is true, or raises Not_found if no such element has been found.
val index_of : 'a -> 'a t -> int option
index_of e l returns the index of the first occurrence of e in l, or None if there is no occurrence of e in l
val index_ofq : 'a -> 'a t -> int option
index_ofq e l behaves as index_of e l except it uses physical equality
val rindex_of : 'a -> 'a t -> int option
index_of e l returns the index of the last occurrence of e in l, or None if there is no occurrence of e in l
val rindex_ofq : 'a -> 'a t -> int option
rindex_ofq e l behaves as rindex_of e l except it uses physical equality
val next : 'a t -> 'a node_t
Common functions

Compute and return the next value of the list

val length : 'a t -> int
Return the length (number of elements) of the given list.

Causes the evaluation of all the elements of the list.

val is_empty : 'a t -> bool
Returns true if the list is empty, false otherwise.
val would_at_fail : 'a t -> int -> bool
would_at_fail l n returns true if l contains strictly less than n elements, false otherwise
val hd : 'a t -> 'a
Return the first element of the given list. Raise Empty_list if the list is empty.

Note: this function does not comply with the usual exceptionless error-management recommendations, as doing so would essentially render it useless.

val tl : 'a t -> 'a t
Return the given list without its first element. Raise Empty_list if the list is empty.

Note: this function does not comply with the usual exceptionless error-management recommendations, as doing so would essentially render it useless.

val first : 'a t -> 'a
As hd
val last : 'a t -> 'a
Returns the last element of the list, or raise Empty_list if the list is empty. This function takes linear time and causes the evaluation of all elements of the list
val at : 'a t -> int -> 'a
at l n returns the n-th element of the list l or raise Invalid_index is the index is outside of l bounds.
val nth : 'a t -> int -> 'a
Obsolete. As at

Association lists

These lists behave essentially as HashMap, although they are typically faster for short number of associations, and much slower for for large number of associations.

val assoc : 'a -> ('a * 'b) t -> 'b
assoc a l returns the value associated with key a in the list of pairs l. That is, assoc a [^ ...; (a,b); ...^] = b if (a,b) is the leftmost binding of a in list l. Raise Not_found if there is no value associated with a in the list l.
val assq : 'a -> ('a * 'b) t -> 'b
As BatLazyList.assoc but with physical equality
val mem_assoc : 'a -> ('a * 'b) t -> bool
As BatLazyList.assoc but simply returns true if a binding exists, false otherwise.
val mem_assq : 'a -> ('a * 'b) t -> bool
As BatLazyList.mem_assoc but with physical equality.
val rev : 'a t -> 'a t
Eager list reversal.

Transformations

val eager_append : 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
Evaluate a list and append another list after this one.

Cost is linear in the length of the first list, not tail-recursive.

val rev_append : 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
Eager reverse-and-append

Cost is linear in the length of the first list, tail-recursive.

val append : 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
Lazy append

Cost is constant. All evaluation is delayed until the contents of the list are actually read. Reading itself is delayed by a constant.

val (^@^) : 'a t -> 'a t -> 'a t
As lazy append
val concat : 'a t t -> 'a t
Lazy concatenation of a lazy list of lazy lists
val flatten : 'a t list -> 'a t
Lazy concatenation of a list of lazy lists
val split_at : int -> 'a t -> 'a t * 'a t
split_at n l returns two lists l1 and l2, l1 containing the first n elements of l and l2 the others. Raise Invalid_index if n is outside of l size bounds.
val split_nth : int -> 'a t -> 'a t * 'a t
Obsolete. As split_at.

Dropping elements

val unique : ?cmp:('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a t -> 'a t
unique cmp l returns the list l without any duplicate element. Default comparator ( = ) is used if no comparison function specified.
val remove : 'a -> 'a t -> 'a t
remove l x returns the list l without the first element x found or returns l if no element is equal to x. Elements are compared using ( = ).
val remove_if : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a t
remove_if cmp l is similar to remove, but with cmp used instead of ( = ).
val remove_all : 'a -> 'a t -> 'a t
remove_all l x is similar to remove but removes all elements that are equal to x and not only the first one.
val remove_all_such : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a t
remove_all l x is similar to remove but removes all elements that are equal to x and not only the first one.
val take : int -> 'a t -> 'a t
take n l returns up to the n first elements from list l, if available.
val drop : int -> 'a t -> 'a t
drop n l returns l without the first n elements, or the empty list if l have less than n elements.
val take_while : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a t
take_while f xs returns the first elements of list xs which satisfy the predicate f.
val drop_while : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a t
drop_while f xs returns the list xs with the first elements satisfying the predicate f dropped.

Conversions

val to_list : 'a t -> 'a list
Eager conversion to string.
val to_stream : 'a t -> 'a Stream.t
Lazy conversion to stream.
val to_array : 'a t -> 'a array
Eager conversion to array.
val enum : 'a t -> 'a BatEnum.t
Lazy conversion to enumeration
val of_list : 'a list -> 'a t
Lazy conversion from lists

Albeit slower than eager conversion, this is the default mechanism for converting from regular lists to lazy lists. This for two reasons : * if you're using lazy lists, total speed probably isn't as much an issue as start-up speed * this will let you convert regular infinite lists to lazy lists.

val of_stream : 'a Stream.t -> 'a t
Lazy conversion from stream.
val of_enum : 'a BatEnum.t -> 'a t
Lazy conversion from enum.
val eager_of_list : 'a list -> 'a t
Eager conversion from lists.

This function is much faster than BatLazyList.of_list but will freeze on cyclic lists.

val of_array : 'a array -> 'a t
Eager conversion from array

Predicates

val filter : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'a t
Lazy filtering.

filter p l returns all the elements of the list l that satisfy the predicate p. The order of the elements in the input list is preserved.

val exists : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> bool
Eager existential.

exists p [^ a1; ...; an ^] checks if at least one element of the list satisfies the predicate p. That is, it returns (p a1) || (p a2) || ... || (p an) .

val for_all : ('a -> bool) -> 'a t -> bool
Eager universal.

for_all p [^ a1; ...; an ^] checks if all elements of the list satisfy the predicate p. That is, it returns (p a1) && (p a2) && ... && (p an).

val filter_map : ('a -> 'b option) -> 'a t -> 'b t
Lazily eliminate some elements and transform others.

filter_map f [^ a1; a2; ... ;an ^] applies f to each a1, ..., an. If f ai evaluates to None, the element is not included in the result. Otherwise, if f ai evaluates to Some x, element x is included in the result.

This is equivalent to match f a1 with | Some x1 -> x1 ^:^ (match f a2 with |Some x2 -> x2 ^:^ (match ... (match f an with | Some xn -> [^ xn ^] | None -> [^ ^] ) ... ) | ...) | None -> ... .


Misc.

val eternity : unit t
An infinite list of nothing

Sorting

val sort : ?cmp:('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a t -> 'a t
Sort the list using optional comparator (by default compare).
val stable_sort : ('a -> 'a -> int) -> 'a t -> 'a t
val map2 : ('a -> 'b -> 'c) -> 'a t -> 'b t -> 'c t
Operations on two lists

map2 f [^a1; ...; an^] [^b1; ...; bn^] is [f a1 b1; ...; f an bn]. Raise Different_list_size if the two lists have different lengths. Not tail-recursive, lazy.

val iter2 : ('a -> 'b -> unit) -> 'a t -> 'b t -> unit
iter2 f [a1; ...; an] [b1; ...; bn] calls in turn f a1 b1; ...; f an bn. Tail-recursive, eager. Raise Different_list_size if the two lists have different lengths.
val fold_left2 : ('a -> 'b -> 'c -> 'a) -> 'a -> 'b t -> 'c t -> 'a
fold_left2 f a [b1; ...; bn] [c1; ...; cn] is f (... (f (f a b1 c1) b2 c2) ...) bn cn. Eager. Raise Different_list_size if the two lists have different lengths.
val fold_right2 : ('a -> 'b -> 'c -> 'c) -> 'a t -> 'b t -> 'c -> 'c
fold_right2 f [a1; ...; an] [b1; ...; bn] c is f a1 b1 (f a2 b2 (... (f an bn c) ...)). Eager. Raise Different_list_size if the two lists have different lengths. Tail-recursive.
val for_all2 : ('a -> 'b -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'b t -> bool
Same as BatLazyList.for_all, but for a two-argument predicate. Raise Different_list_size if the two lists have different lengths.
val exists2 : ('a -> 'b -> bool) -> 'a t -> 'b t -> bool
Same as BatLazyList.exists, but for a two-argument predicate. Raise Different_list_size if the two lists have different lengths.
val combine : 'a t -> 'b t -> ('a * 'b) t
Transform a pair of lists into a list of pairs: combine [a1; ...; an] [b1; ...; bn] is [(a1,b1); ...; (an,bn)]. Raise Different_list_size if the two lists have different lengths. Tail-recursive.
val uncombine : ('a * 'b) t -> 'a t * 'b t
Divide a list of pairs into a pair of lists.

Boilerplate code


Printing

val print : ?first:string ->
       ?last:string ->
       ?sep:string ->
       ('a BatInnerIO.output -> 'b -> unit) ->
       'a BatInnerIO.output -> 'b t -> unit

Override modules


The following modules replace functions defined in LazyList with functions behaving slightly differently but having the same name. This is by design: the functions meant to override the corresponding functions of LazyList.
module Exceptionless: sig .. end
Exceptionless counterparts for error-raising operations 
module Labels: sig .. end
Operations on LazyList with labels.